There’s been a lot of talk (and debate) about stem cells. But what are they?
Stem cells are cells with the potential to develop into many different kinds of cell. Normal cells in the body have only one specialized function; stem cells work like a repair system, dividing to replenish other cells and taking the function of whatever type of cell is needed. When a stem cell divides, the two new cells can take on a special function or remain as stem cells.
There are three types of stem cells.
- Totipotent: with the potential to create all the types of cells in the body. A fertilized egg is totipotent.
- Pluripotent: with the potential to create all types of cells in the body EXCEPT those needed to develop a fetus.
- Multipotent: with the potential to create a small number of different types of cells.
Until recently, it seemed like the best source for human stem cells was human embryos. Stem cells from embryos could be used to create pluripotent cell “lines” — cell samples that continue to divide indefinitely into more pluripotent stem cells. Earlier this month, scientists announced that they were also able to collect pluripotent stem cells from the amniotic fluid that surrounds a baby in the womb.
Researchers hope that stem cells hold the key to treating or curing many diseases. For example:
- Modified stem cell lines may be able to help an organ recipient overcome immune system rejection of an organ.
- Stem cells in the brain may reconstruct areas damaged by degenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s.
- Stem cells may be used to grow tissues used in medical therapies, like skin grafts.
Why not use adult stem cells instead of embryonic or amniotic stem cells? Adult stem cells are difficult to isolate and purify. The DNA contained in adult stem cells may contain more abnormalities. However, adult stem cells have been in use for more than forty years — we know the procedure as a bone marrow transplant. It is the adult stem cells in the bone marrow that help the recipient.
Read more about storing your baby’s cord blood.
Learn about the benefits of your baby’s cord blood.